Coasts and oceans
Theme commentary
Trevor J Ward, Greenward Consulting, Perth, Western Australia
Alan Butler, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Brisbane, Queensland
prepared for the 2006 Australian State of the Environment Committee, 2006
References
ABARE 2005, Australian Fisheries Statistics 2004, Canberra, February, 65 pp.
Alcan Grove Alumina Refinery 2004, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Alcan Grove Alumina Refinery Expansion Project, Vol. 1, Main report February 2004, <http://www.lpe.nt.gov.au/enviro/EIAREG/alcangove>.
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), The National System for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pest Incursions, accessed June 2006 <http://www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=3A3BE5DC-07AA-475F-934AF98FC687B53A>
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), Invasive Marine Species, accessed June 2006 <http://www.daff.gov.au/invasivemarinespecies>
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) 2003, Seabird Interactions with Longline Fisheries in the Australian Fishing Zone, ‘Part 1– Review and assessment of bycatch’ and ‘Part 2 – Evaluation of mitigation measures’, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, 171pp.
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) 2004, Status of Fish Stocks Managed by the Australian Government, by Albert Caton and Kevin McLoughlin (Eds), Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, 243pp. <http://www.daff.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=E46BCB9B-9914-406B-B680C0EDE3A0204A>
Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage [DEH] 2003, Framework For A National Cooperative Approach To Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, endorsed by the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/publications/framework/pubs/framework.pdf>.
Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage [DEH] 2005, Catch Up: Sustainable Fisheries Section Newsletter, edition 20,Department of the Environment and Heritage, June 2005, <http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/fisheries/newsletter/june-2005.html>.
Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage [DEH] 2003, Press release by Ministers David Kemp and Judy Edwards, October 2003: “Over $2.1 Million for Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary”, <http://www.deh.gov.au/minister/env/2003/mr01oct303.html>
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage: National Oceans Office (NOO) 2003, National Oceans Policy: Regional Marine Planning, <http://www.oceans.gov.au/regional_marine_plan_overview.jsp>
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage: National Oceans Office (NOO) 2002, Ecosystems – nature’s diversity, The South-east Regional Marine Plan Assessment Reports, National Oceans Office, Hobart.
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage: National Oceans Office (NOO) 2001, The Economic Contribution of Australia’s Marine Industries 2000–2001. Report prepared for the National Oceans Advisory Group by the Allen Consulting Group. , National Oceans Office, Hobart, accessed 2005 <www.oceans.gov.au/pdf/Economic%20reoprt.pdf>
Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage [DEH] 2002, National Reserve System: CAPAD 2002, <http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2002/index.html>
Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage [DEH], Threatened species and threatened ecological communities, recovery plans made or adopted under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, accessed June 2006 <http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/recovery/list-common.html>.
Australian Government: Natural Resource Management 2006, National coordination and delivery of integrated NRM <http://www.nrm.gov.au/national/index.html>
Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) 2003, Information Statistics: Facts & Figures, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.appea.com.au/IndustryInformation/Statistics/FactsAndFigures>
Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) 2003, Health, safety, environment and social performance report, Canberra, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.appea.com.au/Publications/HSESPReport2002.1.pdf >
Bejder, L 2005, ‘Linking short and long-term effects of nature-based tourism on cetaceans’, PhD Thesis, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Brewer, DT, Heales, DS, Griffiths, SP, Haywood, M, Jones, PN, Stobutzki, IC, Milton, DA and Blaber, SJM (in press) ‘Moving towards sustainable bycatch populations in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery’, In Proceedings of the Fourth World Fisheries Congress.
Brewer, DT, Rawlinson, N, Eayrs, S, Burridge, CY 1998, ‘An assessment of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical Australian prawn trawl fishery’, Fisheries Research 36:195–215.
Butler, AJ and Jernakoff, P 1999, Seagrass in Australia: Strategic Review and Development of an R & D Plan, (FRDC project; 98/223), CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 210 pp.
Butler A, Althaus F, Furlani D and Ridgway K 2002, ‘Assessment of the conservation values of the Bonney Upwelling Area’, in Draft Report, Commonwealth Marine Conservation Assessment Program 2002–2004, CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart.
Carlton, JT 1999. ‘The scale and ecological consequences of biological invasions in the world’s oceans’, in OT Sandlund, PJ Schei A Viken (Eds), Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 195–212.
Church, JA, Hunter, J, McInnes, KL, and White, NJ 2004, ‘Sea-level rise and the frequency of extreme event around the Australian coastline’, In: Coast to Coast ‘04 Australia’s National Coastal Conference: Conference Proceedings, Hobart, Tasmaian. Sandy Bay, Conference Secretariat. 8 pp.
Clark, A, and Nowak, BF 1999, ‘Field investigations of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. in Tasmania’, Journal of Fish Diseases 22:433–443
Costanza, R, d’Arge, R, de Groot, R, Farber, S, Grasso, M, Hannon, B, Limburg, K, Naeem, S, O’Neill, RV, Paruelo, J, Raskin, RG, Sutton, P and van den Belt, M 1997, The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital Nature 387:253–260.
Daily, GC, Alexander, S, Ehrlich, PR, Goulder, L, Lubchenco, J, Matson, PA, Mooney, HA, Postel, S, Schneider, SH, Timan, D and Woodwell, GM 1997, ‘Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems’, Issues in Ecology 2:1–16.
Dayton, PK, Tegner, MJ, Edwards, PB, and Riser, KL 1998, ‘Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities’, Ecological Applications 8:309–322.
Edgar, GJ and Samson, CR 2004, ‘Catastrophic decline in mollusc diversity in Eastern Tasmania and its concurrence with shellfish fisheries’, Conservation Biology 18:1579-1588.
Edgar, GJ, Samson, CR and Barrett, NS 2005, ‘Species extinction in the marine environment: Tasmania as a regional example of overlooked losses in biodiversity’, Conservation Biology, 19(4):1294–1300.
FAO 2004, State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO Rome, 153 pp.
Fulton, EA, Fuller, M, Smith, ADM and Punt, A 2004, Ecological Indicators on the Effects of Fishing: Final Report, AFMA Final Research Report, CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, 240pp.
Gaston, TF, Kostoglidis, A and Suthers, IM 2004, ‘The 13C, 15N and 34S signatures of a rocky reef plantivorous fish indicate different coastal discharges of sewage’ Marine and Freshwater Research 55:689–699.
Gaughan, DJ, Mitchell, RW and Blight, SJ 2000, ‘Impact of mortality, possibly due to herpesvirus, on pilchard Sardinops sagax stocks along the south coast of Western Australia in 1998–99’, Marine and Freshwater Research 51:601–612.
Graham, KJ, Andrew, NL and Hodgson, KE 2001, ‘Changes in relative abundance of sharks and rays on Australian South East Fishery trawl grounds after twenty years of fishing’, Marine and Freshwater Research 52:549–61.
Griffin, DA, Thompson, PA, Bax, NJ, Bradford, RW and Hallegraeff, GM 1997, ‘The 1995 mass mortality of pilchard: no role found for physical or biological oceanographic factors in Australia’, Marine and Freshwater Research 48:27–42.
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), Environmental Status: Marine Mammals: Whales and Dolphins, accessed June 2006 <http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/marine_mammals/part_02.html>
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) 2001, Water Quality Action Plan, Great Barrier Reef Catchment Water Quality Action Plan, A Report To Ministerial Council on targets for pollutant loads, Townsville, <http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/key_issues/water_quality/action_plan/>.
Greenland, JA, Colin, J, Limpus, KJ, Brieze, C, and Brieze, I 2003 ‘II. Cetacean and Pinniped’, in Marine Wildlife Stranding and Mortality Database annual Report 2003, Wildlife Ecology Unit, Environmental Sciences Division, Environmental Protection Agency,Queensland, Conservation technical and data report, Vol 2003, No. 2, ISSN 1449–194X accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p01604aa.pdf/Marine_wildlife_stranding_and_mortality_database_annual_report_2003_II_Cetacean_and_pinniped.pdf>.
Hayes, K, Sliwa, C, Migus, S, McEnnulty, F, and Dunstan, P 2005, ‘Part II. Ranking of Australian marine pests’, in National Priority Pests, CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/reports/publications.html>.
Hays, GC, Richardson, AJ, Robinson, C 2005, Climate change and marine plankton Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:337–344.
Henry, GW and Lyle, JM 2003, The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey, FRDC Project No. 99/158, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, accessed on 30 November 2005, <http://www.affa.gov.au/recfishsurvey>.
Hobday, A, Smith, ADM and Stobutzki, I 2004, Ecological risk assessment for Australian Commonwealth fisheries, Final Report ‘Stage 1, hazard identification and preliminary risk assessment’, CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, 174pp.
Hutchings, PA, Ward, TJ, Waterhouse, J and Walker, L 1993, ‘Infauna of marine sediments and seagrass beds of Upper Spencer Gulf near Port Pirie, South Australia’, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 117:1–15.
Klaer, NL 2001, ‘Steam trawl catches from south-eastern Australia from 1918 to 1957: trends in catch rates and species composition’, Marine and Freshwater Research 52:399–410.
Love, G and Langenkamp, D 2003, Australian Aquaculture: Industry Profiles for Related Species, ABARE eReport 03.8, Prepared for the Fisheries Resources Research Fund, Canberra, May.
Limpus, C and Chatto, R 2004, ‘Marine Turtles’, in National Oceans Office, Description of Key Species Groups in the Northern Planning Area, National Oceans Office, Hobart, Australia, accessed on 30 November 2005, <http://www.oceans.gov.au/pdf/KeySpecies_North/11.pdf>.
Lubchenco, J, Palumbi, SR, Gaines, SD, Andelman, S 2003, ‘Plugging a hole in the ocean: the emerging science of marine reserves’, Ecological Applications 13(1), Supplement: Introduction to ‘The Science of Marine Reserves’, pp. S3–S7.
McNeil, BI, Matear, RJ, and Barnes, DJ 2004, ‘Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:L22309, doi:10.1029/2004GL021541.
Queensland Government Parks and Wildlife Service, Marine Wildlife Stranding database,derived from: Marine Wildlife Stranding Conservation Technical and Data Report, accessed November 2005 <http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications?id=1191>.
National Aquaculture Development Committee 2002, Aquaculture Industry Action Agenda, Report to Government And Industry 2002, Aquaculture Action Agenda Taskforce, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia, Canberra, accessed June 2006 <http://www.affa.gov.au/corporate_docs/publications/pdf/fisheries/NADC_Report.pdf>.
Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council 2004, National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan 2004–2007, Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/nbccap/pubs/action-plan.pdf>.
NLWRA 2002, Australian Catchment, River and Estuary Assessment 2001, National Land and Water Resources Audit, Canberra, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://audit.ea.gov.au/ANRA/water/docs/national/Water_Preface.html>.
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fishery Management Strategies Performance Report, accessed June 2006 <http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/12678/FMS_Performance_Report.pdf>
Olsen, P, Weston, M, Cunningham, R and Silcocks, A 2003, The State of Australia's Birds 2003, Birds Australia, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, accessed 30 November 2005, <http://www.deh.gov.au/ soe/2006/emerging/birds/index.html >.
Pender, PJ, Willing, RS, Cann, B 1992, ‘NPF bycatch a valuable resource?’ Australian Fisheries 51:30–31.
Pittock, B (Ed) 2003, Climate Change: An Australian Guide to the Science and Potential Impacts, Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, accessed on 30 November 2005, <http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/science/guide/pubs/science-guide.pdf>.
Ponder, W, Hutchings, P and Chapman, R 2002, Overview of the Conservation of Australian Marine Invertebrates, Report for Environment Australia, July 2002, accessed on 30 November 2005, <http://www.austmus.gov.au/invertebrates/marine_overview/contents.html>.
Price, I 1995, ‘The problems of nutrients and eutrophication in the Australian marine environment’, in The State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia Technical Annex: 2 Pollution, Commonwealth of Australia, pp. 1–36.
Richer de Forges, B, Koslow, JA, Poore, GCB 2000, ‘Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific’, Nature 405:944–947.
Short, FT and Coles, RG (Eds) 2001, Global Seagrass Research Methods, , Amsterdam, London, Elsevier. Spalding, MD, Blasco, F and Field, CD (Eds) (1997) World Mangrove Atlas, The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan, 178 pp.
South Australian Government 2006, South Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage Environment Reporting: Health of the Marine and Coastal Environment, 2006, Adelaide.
Spalding, MD, Blasco, F and Field, CD (Eds) 1997, World Mangrove Atlas, The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan, 178 pp.
Stobutzki, IC, Miller, MJ, Jones, PN, Salini, JP 2001, ‘Bycatch diversity and variation in a tropical Australian penaeid fishery; the implications for monitoring’, Fisheries Research 53(3):283–301.
Tasmanian Government 2003, State of the Environment Tasmania, Coastal Estuarine and Marine: 2003, accessed June 2006 <http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/soer/cem/7/index.php>
The Royal Society 2005, Ocean Acidification due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Royal Society, London. 68 pp.
Thresher, R, Rintoul, SR, Koslow, JA, Weidman, C, Adkins, J, Procter, C 2004, ‘Oceanic evidence of climate change in southern Australia over the last three centuries’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:L07212, doi:10.1029/2003GL018869.
Thompson, P and Waite, A 2003, ‘Phytoplankton responses to wastewater discharges at two sites in Western Australia’, Marine and Freshwater Research 54(6):721–735.
Valentine JP and Johnson CR 2004, ‘Establishment of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida following dieback of the native macroalga Phyllospora comosa in Tasmania, Australia’, Marine and Freshwater Research 55:223–230.
Ward TJ, Butler, E and Hill, B 1998, ‘Environmental indicators for national State of the Environment reporting – estuaries and the sea’, in Australia: State of the Environment Environmental indicator reports, Department of the Environment, Canberra, 80 pp.
Western Australian Government Department of Conservation and Land Management (DCLM), Ningaloo Marine Park and Muiron Islands Marine Management Area, accessed June 2006 <http://www.naturebase.net/national_parks/marine/ningaloo>
Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management, Marine Conservation Branch 2005, Areas of WA MPAs
Wilkinson, CR 1999, ‘Global and local threats to coral reef functioning and existence: review and predictions’, Marine and Freshwater Research 50:867–878.
Wyatt, ASJ, Hewitt, CL, Walker, DI and Ward, TJ 2005, ‘Marine introductions in the Shark Bay World Heritage Property, Western Australia: a preliminary assessment’, Diversity and Distributions 11:33–44.
Acknowledgements
We especially wish to thank Toni Cannard for her assistance in preparing this commentary. Thanks also to the following people who have provided references, data and comments: Nick Bax, David Brewer, Ed Butler, John Church, Scott Condie, Nick Elliott, Alistair Hobday, Neil Klaer, Tom Okey, Nigel Preston, Anthony Richardson, Ken Ridgway, Ron Thresher, John Volkman, Jan Wakeling all from CSIRO; Eddie Hegerl, Marine Ecosystem Policy Advisors, Qld; Phil Crosbie, UTAS; Darryl Sullings & Fiona McKinnon, NSW Fisheries; and Frankie Seymour, DEH. Two external reviewers also provided helpful comments and challenges to our perspectives.
The interpretations and conclusions remain those of the authors.